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    <title>Science &amp; Global Security Archive</title>
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    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2011-07-12:/archive//2</id>
    <updated>2013-02-27T14:46:10Z</updated>
    
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<entry>
    <title>Applications and Limitations of Nuclear Archaeology in Uranium Enrichment Plants</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2013/01/applications_and_limitations_o.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2013:/archive//2.1091</id>

    <published>2013-01-01T05:11:40Z</published>
    <updated>2013-02-27T14:46:10Z</updated>

    <summary>Matthew Sharp, &quot;Applications and Limitations of Nuclear Archaeology in Uranium Enrichment Plants,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 21, no. 1 (2013): 70-92.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 21 (2013)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 21 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Matthew Sharp, "Applications and Limitations of Nuclear Archaeology in Uranium Enrichment Plants," <i>Science & Global Security</i> 21, no. 1 (2013): 70-92, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2013.755028.]]>
        <![CDATA[The uranium-235 content of a uranium enrichment plant?s product is related to the uranium-234 content of its waste, allowing one to check with tails measurements consistency with a plant?s declared past production. Verification works best with known feed material, but with unknown feed isotopics the production of low and high enriched uranium may still be distinguished based on tails measurements. Estimating product masses is harder, and concealment scenarios are discussed. With traditional nuclear accounting, relationships between product and waste isotopics, or ?nuclear archaeology,? can increase confidence in the accuracy of declarations of past fissile material production.
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Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2013.755028">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Managing the Uranium-233 Stockpile of the United States</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2013/01/managing_the_uranium-233_stock.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2013:/archive//2.1090</id>

    <published>2013-01-01T05:08:50Z</published>
    <updated>2013-02-27T14:46:10Z</updated>

    <summary>Robert Alvarez, &quot;Managing the Uranium-233 Stockpile of the United States,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 21, no. 1 (2013): 53-69.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 21 (2013)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 21 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Robert Alvarez, "Managing the Uranium-233 Stockpile of the United States," <i>Science & Global Security</i> 21, no. 1 (2013): 53-69, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2013.754311.]]>
        <![CDATA[The United States produced about 2 tons of uranium-233, a weapons-useable fissile material, as part of its military and civilian nuclear program. Of that, 1.55 tons was separated at costs estimated to be between $5.5 and $11 billion. Of the 1.55 tons, approximately 96 kg of uranium-233 may be unaccounted for. There are also varying site-specific estimates suggesting that material control and accountability of the U.S. uranium-233 inventory needs to be more stringent. About 428 kg of uranium-233 is stored at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), in Tennessee at Building 3019, a 69-year-old structure which DOE describes as the ?oldest operating nuclear facility in the World? and one that does not meet current safeguards and security requirements. Currently, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) goal for disposition of the 428 kg is 2018, more than 20 years after significant environmental, safety, and security vulnerabilities were first officially acknowledged. To meet this goal, DOE plans to waive its own waste acceptance criteria to allow direct shallow land disposal of a large portion of the uranium-233 by August 2014. Granting a disposal waiver sets a bad precedent for international safeguards and standards for the disposal of reprocessed wastes containing high concentrations of fissile materials.
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Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2013.754311">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
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</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Low-Yield Nuclear Testing by North Korea in May 2010: Assessing the Evidence with Atmospheric Transport Models and Xenon Activity Calculations</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2013/01/low-yield_nuclear_testing_by_n.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2013:/archive//2.1089</id>

    <published>2013-01-01T05:00:30Z</published>
    <updated>2013-02-27T14:53:28Z</updated>

    <summary>Christopher M. Wright, &quot;Low-Yield Nuclear Testing by North Korea in May 2010: Assessing the Evidence with Atmospheric Transport Models and Xenon Activity Calculations,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 21, no. 1 (2013): 3-52.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 21 (2013)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 21 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Christopher M. Wright, "Low-Yield Nuclear Testing by North Korea in May 2010: Assessing the Evidence with Atmospheric Transport Models and Xenon Activity Calculations," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 21, no. 1 (2013): 3-52, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2013.754310.]]>
        <![CDATA[This article investigates the possibility presented by <a href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/03/radionuclide_evidence_for_low-.html">De Geer (2012)</a> that radionuclides detected at stations in South Korea, Japan, and Russia in May 2010 were evidence that North Korea conducted at least one unannounced low yield nuclear test on 11 May. It provides HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model) atmospheric transport modeling of the observed radionuclides assuming candidate origins in North Korea, ROK, Japan, Russia, mainland China, and Taiwan. Xenon activity calculations for reactor- and explosion-produced isotopes are used to ascertain possible release ratios and source terms. The HYSPLIT modeling finds that the most likely origin of the radionuclides is close to the site of North Korea's declared nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009. The activity calculations show that the source term is consistent with a nuclear test up to a few hundred tons yield. These results are discussed in the context of a decoupled but uncontained nuclear test by North Korea on 11 May 2010. If the scenario suggested by De Geer and supported here is correct, it seems that there is a significant possibility of detecting even a small, decoupled nuclear test in North East Asia using components of the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
<br /><br />
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2013.754310">Taylor &amp; Francis Online</a> | <a href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/sgs21wright.pdf">Free PDF</a>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Editors’ Note</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2013/01/editors_note_48.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2013:/archive//2.1088</id>

    <published>2013-01-01T05:00:10Z</published>
    <updated>2013-02-27T14:46:10Z</updated>

    <summary>&quot;Editors’ Note,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 21, no. 1 (2013): 1-2.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 21 (2013)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 21 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA["Editors’ Note," <i>Science & Global Security</i> 21, no. 1 (2013): 1-2, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2013.754305.]]>
        <![CDATA[
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Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2013.754305">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>A Review of “Our Own Worst Enemy? Institutional Interests and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Expertise”</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/10/a_review_of_our_own_worst_enem.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.1085</id>

    <published>2012-10-17T05:28:40Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-17T11:50:36Z</updated>

    <summary>Vitaly Fedchenko, &quot;A Review of “Our Own Worst Enemy? Institutional Interests and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Expertise”,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 172-174.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 2-3" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Vitaly Fedchenko, "A Review of “Our Own Worst Enemy? Institutional Interests and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Expertise”," <i>Science & Global Security</i> 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 172-174, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.711184.]]>
        <![CDATA[
</br></br>
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.711184">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Seismological Constraints on Proposed Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in Particular Regions and Time Periods in the Past, with Comments on &quot;Radionuclide Evidence for Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in North Korea in April/May 2010&quot; by Lars-Erik De Geer</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/10/seismological_constraints_on_p.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.1084</id>

    <published>2012-10-17T05:25:50Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-18T16:31:59Z</updated>

    <summary>David P. Schaff, Won-young Kim, Paul G. Richards, &quot;Seismological Constraints on Proposed Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in Particular Regions and Time Periods in the Past, with Comments on &quot;Radionuclide Evidence for Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in North Korea in April/May 2010&quot; by Lars-Erik De Geer,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 155-171.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 2-3" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/">
        <![CDATA[David P. Schaff, Won-young Kim, Paul G. Richards, "Seismological Constraints on Proposed Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in Particular Regions and Time Periods in the Past, with Comments on "Radionuclide Evidence for Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in North Korea in April/May 2010" by Lars-Erik De Geer," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 155-171, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.711183.]]>
        <![CDATA[We have attempted to detect seismic signals from small explosions in North Korea on five specific days in 2010 that feature in scenarios <a href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/03/radionuclide_evidence_for_low-.html">proposed by De Geer</a>. We searched the seismic data recorded by station MDJ in northeastern China, applying three-component cross-correlation methods using signals from known explosions as templates. We assess the capability of this method of detection, and of simpler methods, all of which failed to find seismic signals that would be expected if De Geer's scenarios were valid. We conclude that no well-coupled underground explosion above about a ton occurred near the North Korea test site on these five days and that any explosion would have to be very small (local magnitude less than about 2) to escape detection.
<br /><br />
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.711183">Taylor &amp; Francis Online</a> | <a href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/sgs20schaff.pdf">Free PDF</a>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Neutron-Use Optimization with Virtual Experiments to Facilitate Research-Reactor Conversion to Low-Enriched Fuel</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/10/neutron-use_optimization_with.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.1083</id>

    <published>2012-10-17T05:23:30Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-17T12:14:16Z</updated>

    <summary>Alexander Glaser, Uwe Filges, &quot;Neutron-Use Optimization with Virtual Experiments to Facilitate Research-Reactor Conversion to Low-Enriched Fuel,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 141-154.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 2-3" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Alexander Glaser, Uwe Filges, "Neutron-Use Optimization with Virtual Experiments to Facilitate Research-Reactor Conversion to Low-Enriched Fuel," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 141-154, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.713765.]]>
        <![CDATA[Converting research reactors from highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel to more proliferation-resistant low-enriched fuel is critical for achieving the objective of ending the use of directly weapon-usable materials in the civilian nuclear fuel cycle. The most challenging type of reactors to convert are high-flux research reactors, which, along with upcoming strong spallation sources, are the most important neutron sources for sophisticated neutron scattering experiments. Advanced Monte-Carlo computer codes are now available that make it possible to track neutrons from the neutron source, through neutron guides, to the detector of a neutronic experimental setup, including realistic samples. These "virtual experiments" allow optimizing the performance of complete beamlines, where in many cases a large unused potential exists for increasing the neutron flux at the sample or detector position. The Monte-Carlo codes VITESS and McStas are used to compare results for typical neutron scattering setups using typical versus state-of-the-art technologies. The analysis shows that performance gains due to instrument upgrades or neutron guide renewals can dwarf potential neutron flux losses due to conversion to low-enriched fuel. Combined convert-and-upgrade strategies therefore offer unique opportunities for reactor operators and neutron scientists to significantly improve the overall performance of research facilities, and turn them into centers of excellence, while supporting the objective of phasing out the use of highly enriched uranium in the civilian nuclear fuel cycle as soon as possible.
<br /><br />
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.713765">Taylor &amp; Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Combining Satellite Imagery and 3D Drawing Tools for Nonproliferation Analysis: A Case Study of Pakistan&apos;s Khushab Plutonium Production Reactors</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/10/combining_satellite_imagery_an.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.1082</id>

    <published>2012-10-17T05:19:30Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-17T12:13:34Z</updated>

    <summary>Tamara Patton, &quot;Combining Satellite Imagery and 3D Drawing Tools for Nonproliferation Analysis: A Case Study of Pakistan&apos;s Khushab Plutonium Production Reactors,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 117-140.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 2-3" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Tamara Patton, "Combining Satellite Imagery and 3D Drawing Tools for Nonproliferation Analysis: A Case Study of Pakistan's Khushab Plutonium Production Reactors," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 117-140, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.719383.]]>
        <![CDATA[The ability to extract three-dimensional (3D) data from two-dimensional satellite images provides opportunities to apply novel geospatial techniques to problems relating to nuclear arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament. This study demonstrates some of these techniques by estimating the plutonium production capacity of the heavy water nuclear reactors at the Khushab complex in Pakistan, where since 1998 Pakistan has produced plutonium for its nuclear arsenal. Three-dimensional analysis is used to assess the viability of using the horizontal cross-sectional area of the Khushab reactors' mechanical draft cooling towers to estimate the thermal capacity of each reactor and set an upper bound for the reactors' abilities to produce plutonium. The horizontal area approach suggests the three completed Khushab reactors have a thermal power of 40-90 MWt each. The results suggest that a horizontal area approach can be used successfully with the Khushab reactors, as well as other low power, research-type reactors employing mechanical draft cooling towers.
<br /><br />
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.719383">Taylor &amp; Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Converting the Iranian Heavy Water Reactor IR-40 to a More Proliferation-Resistant Reactor</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/10/converting_the_iranian_heavy_w.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.1081</id>

    <published>2012-10-17T05:16:10Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-17T12:12:44Z</updated>

    <summary>Thomas Mo Willig, Cecilia Futsaether, Halvor Kippe, &quot;Converting the Iranian Heavy Water Reactor IR-40 to a More Proliferation-Resistant Reactor,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 97-116.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 2-3" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Thomas Mo Willig, Cecilia Futsaether, Halvor Kippe, "Converting the Iranian Heavy Water Reactor IR-40 to a More Proliferation-Resistant Reactor," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 97-116, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.713767.]]>
        <![CDATA[This article assesses the feasibility and benefits of converting the Iranian heavy water research reactor, IR-40, from using natural uranium to low-enriched uranium fuel. Based on neutronics calculations for a detailed model of the two reactor configurations, a conversion would result in a smaller core with a subsequent reduction and degradation of plutonium production. It is argued that the proposed conversion will provide Iran with a research reactor that is better suited for scientific experiments and radioisotope production than in its original configuration. It is proposed to introduce the converted IR-40's fuel consumption requirements as a natural cap for Iran's future enrichment efforts.
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Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.713767">Taylor &amp; Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Global Plutonium Production Capabilities with Civilian Research Reactors</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/10/global_plutonium_production_ca.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.1080</id>

    <published>2012-10-17T05:11:30Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-17T12:11:57Z</updated>

    <summary>Jochen Ahlswede, Martin B. Kalinowski, &quot;Global Plutonium Production Capabilities with Civilian Research Reactors,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 69-96.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 2-3" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[Jochen Ahlswede, Martin B. Kalinowski, "Global Plutonium Production Capabilities with Civilian Research Reactors," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 2-3 (2012): 69-96, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.724226.]]>
        <![CDATA[This article deals with the plutonium production capabilities in civilian research reactors and the resulting proliferation risks. A complete record of all civilian research reactors located in Non-Nuclear Weapon States and de-facto Nuclear Weapon States is compiled and systematized according to their type. A discussion of the various production paths and scenarios for plutonium with those reactors follows. In order to derive an assessment with a broad coverage, partly diverse fleet of reactors, two designs representative of light water and heavy water moderated reactors (which account for 82 percent of the total installed capacity in Non-Nuclear Weapon States and de-facto Nuclear Weapon States) were chosen and included in burn-up calculations with the Monte Carlo code KENO V.a and Origen-S, both incorporated in the modular system Scale-6. The effective production rates in fuel elements as well as by irradiation of targets are then applied to calculate the capabilities of plutonium production of each considered research reactor. The results provide an overview of the proliferation relevance of the global research reactor fleet and its regional distribution.
<br /><br />
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.724226">Taylor &amp; Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Editors’ Note</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/10/editors_note_47.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.1079</id>

    <published>2012-10-17T05:00:00Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-17T11:50:36Z</updated>

    <summary>&quot;Editors’ Note,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 2-3 (2012): iii-iv.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 2-3" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA["Editors’ Note," <i>Science & Global Security</i> 20, no. 2-3 (2012): iii-iv, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.719421.]]>
        <![CDATA[
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Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.719421">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>A Review of &quot;Detect and Deter: Can Countries Verify the Nuclear Test Ban&quot;</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/03/a_review_of_detect_and_deter_c.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.780</id>

    <published>2012-03-07T05:10:40Z</published>
    <updated>2012-03-08T08:22:56Z</updated>

    <summary>David Hafemeister, &quot;A Review of &quot;Detect and Deter: Can Countries Verify the Nuclear Test Ban&quot;,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 1 (2012): 64-67.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    <category term="detectionofnuclearexplosions" label="detection of nuclear explosions" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="nucleartestban" label="nuclear test ban" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    
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        <![CDATA[David Hafemeister, "A Review of "Detect and Deter: Can Countries Verify the Nuclear Test Ban"," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 1 (2012): 64-67, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.652559.]]>
        <![CDATA[
</br></br>
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.652559">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Nuclear Security and Nuclear Emergency Response in China</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/03/nuclear_security_and_nuclear_e.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.779</id>

    <published>2012-03-07T05:05:00Z</published>
    <updated>2012-03-08T08:19:03Z</updated>

    <summary>Dean Knox, &quot;Nuclear Security and Nuclear Emergency Response in China,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 1 (2012): 30-63.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    <category term="china" label="China" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="nuclearaccidents" label="nuclear accidents" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="nuclearsafety" label="nuclear safety" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="nuclearsecurity" label="nuclear security" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/">
        <![CDATA[Dean Knox, "Nuclear Security and Nuclear Emergency Response in China," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 1 (2012): 30-63, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.652562.]]>
        <![CDATA[The rapid expansion of China's nuclear industry poses a security challenge not only for the Chinese government, but also the international community. China's nuclear regulators and nuclear emergency responders face a shortage of human resources and expertise. China's nuclear emergency responders are overwhelmingly focused on nuclear reactor safety issues and have only begun to prepare for acts of nuclear terrorism. While the political leadership is seeking to strengthen nuclear security in light of international attention and the risk that a single incident could pose for future growth, these efforts are complicated by limited inter-agency coordination, an outdated and at times contradictory legal structure, and ambiguities in the division of regulatory responsibilities. This article outlines the major players in Chinese civilian nuclear security and nuclear emergency response, then discusses their responsibilities, plans, and interactions.
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Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.652562">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Radionuclide Evidence for Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in North Korea in April/May 2010</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/03/radionuclide_evidence_for_low-.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.778</id>

    <published>2012-03-07T05:00:10Z</published>
    <updated>2012-10-19T21:51:22Z</updated>

    <summary>Lars-Erik De Geer, &quot;Radionuclide Evidence for Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in North Korea in April/May 2010,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 1 (2012): 1-29.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    <category term="detectionofnuclearexplosions" label="detection of nuclear explosions" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="northkorea" label="North Korea" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="nucleartestban" label="nuclear test ban" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="nucleartests" label="nuclear tests" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/">
        <![CDATA[Lars-Erik De Geer, "Radionuclide Evidence for Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in North Korea in April/May 2010," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 1 (2012): 1-29, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.652558.]]>
        <![CDATA[Between 13 and 23 May 2010, four atmospheric radionuclide surveillance stations, in South Korea, Japan, and the Russian Federation, detected xenon and xenon daughter radionuclides in concentrations up to 10 and 0.1 mBq/m3 respectively. All these measurements were made in air masses that had passed over North Korea a few days earlier. This article shows that these radionuclide observations are consistent with a North Korean low-yield nuclear test on 11 May 2010, even though no seismic signals from such a test have been detected. Appendix 1 presents a detailed analysis of the radioxenon data and Appendix 2 describes a hypothetical nuclear test scenario consistent with this analysis, including the possibility that the test used uranium-235 rather than plutonium-239. The analysis suggests that the technical and analytical basis to detect small nuclear tests using radionuclide signatures may be more developed than is generally assumed.
<br /><br />
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.652558">Taylor &amp; Francis Online</a>&nbsp;| Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Editors&apos; Note</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2012/03/editors_note_46.html" />
    <id>tag:scienceandglobalsecurity.org,2012:/archive//2.777</id>

    <published>2012-03-07T05:00:00Z</published>
    <updated>2012-03-08T08:14:07Z</updated>

    <summary>&quot;Editors&apos; Note,&quot; Science &amp; Global Security 20, no. 1 (2012): iii-iv.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Admin</name>
        
    </author>
    
        <category term="Volume 20 (2012)" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
        <category term="v. 20 no. 1" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    <category term="editorial" label="editorial" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/">
        <![CDATA["Editors' Note," <i>Science &amp; Global Security</i> 20, no. 1 (2012): iii-iv, doi: 10.1080/08929882.2012.652557.]]>
        <![CDATA[
</br></br>
Article access: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2012.652557">Taylor & Francis Online</a> | Free PDF]]>
    </content>
</entry>

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